Journal of Exercise Physiology in Special Populations
The effect of continuous training in water and high-intensity interval training on blood irisin levels of boxers
Document Type : Original Article
Authors
Department of sport physiology and corrective exercises faculty of sport sciences Urmia University
Abstract
Purposes: Irisin is a myokine that appears to convert white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue. The current research aims to examine the effect of continuous training in water and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the amount of blood irisin of boxers.
Methods: In this study, 30 male boxers with at least two years of continuous training experience with an average age (26.51±3.15) and body mass index (25.86±5.38) were selected from active boxing athletes and randomly divided into two groups of continuous training and HIIT training and each group did their exercises for eight weeks and three sessions a weekBlood samples were taken before and after eight weeks of training, and the amount of serum irisin was measured using the ELISA method. Between groups, changes were evaluated using Mixed Anova and Bonferroni's post hoc test at a significance level of p˂0.05.
Results: Irisin serum level increased significantly in the continuous (P=0.015) and high interval training group (P=0.006) compared to the control group, although no significant difference was observed between the two training groups (P=0.955).
Conclusion: The current research shows that doing continuous sports activities and HIIT can lead to an increase in irisin levels and, thus a decrease in body fat percentage. However, none of the training programs was superior to the other.
Keywords
Kurtovic N, Memishi S. Reaction time in karate. International Journal of Sport Sciences and Health.
2022;9(19-20):105-14.
Mülhim IT, Akcan F. Comparison of simple visual and audiotory reaction times of martial arts
athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 2022;7 .)5(
Yunus M, I'tamada EZ. A Survey of Indicators of Fat Content and Body Mass Index on the Physical
Condition of Martial Arts Athletes in Kota Batu Ahead of the East Java Porprov VII. Kinestetik:
Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani. 2022;6(3):496-502.
Reigal RE, Barrero S, Martín I, Morales-Sánchez V, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Hernández-Mendo A.
Relationships between reaction time, selective attention, physical activity, and physical fitness
in children. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:2278.
Gaeini AA, Mahmoudi Y-o-l, Moradyan K, Fallahi AA. The relationship between anthropometric,
physiological and body composition characteristics of male elite taekwondo athletes with their
success. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2010;2(4):5-20.
Huang Z, Chen G, Wang X, Zang Y, Yue Q, Cai Z, et al. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on
arterial stiffness in individuals with different body fat percentages: A cross-sectional study.
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2023 .9:10720191.
Teteris LE, Saulite S, editors. Effect of exercise intensity level on reaction time. 15th Conference of
Baltic Society of Sport Sciences; 2022 .
Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Katsikas C, Geladas ND, Bogdanis GC. Effects of concurrent high-intensity
and strength training on muscle power and aerobic performance in young soccer players during
the pre-season. Sports. 2023;11(3):59.
Boutcher SH. High-intensity intermittent exercise and fat loss. Journal of obesity. 2011;2011 .
DÜNDAR A, ARSLAN C ,ARPACI A, AKTUĞ Z, Murathan F. Effects of swimming performances
of swimmers with different undertakings on the glucose and insulin. International Journal of
Sport Culture and Science. 2014;2(Special Issue 1):391-6.
Vázquez-Vela MEF, Torres N, Tovar AR. White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in
obesity. Archives of medical research. 2008;39(8):715-28.
Gesta S, Tseng Y-H, Kahn CR. Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell.
2007;131(2):242-56.
Handschin C, Spiegelman BM. The role of exercise and PGC1α in inflammation and chronic disease.
Nature. 2008;454(7203):463-9.
Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine
that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature.
2012;481(7382):463-8.
Tutunchi H, Ostadrahimi A, Hosseinzadeh‐Attar MJ, Miryan M, Mobasseri M, Ebrahimi‐Mameghani
M. A systematic review of the association of neuregulin 4, a brown fat–enriched secreted factor,
with obesity and related metabolic disturbances. Obesity Reviews. 2020;21(2):e12952.
Hee Park K, Zaichenko L, Brinkoetter M, Thakkar B, Sahin-Efe A, Joung KE, et al. Circulating irisin
in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The journal of clinical
endocrinology & metabolism. 2013;98(12):4899-907.
Bartlett JD, Louhelainen J, Iqbal Z, Cochran AJ, Gibala MJ, Gregson W, et al. Reduced carbohydrate
availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: implications for
mitochondrial biogenesis. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and
Comparative Physiology. 2013;304(6):R450-R8.
Cosio PL, Pelaez M, Cadefau JA, Farran-Codina A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of
circulating irisin levels following endurance training: results of continuous and interval training.
Biological Research For Nursing. 2023;25(3):367-81.
Curiel-Cervantes V, Solis-Sainz J, Camacho-Barrón M, Aguilar-Galarza A, Valencia M, AnayaLoyola M. Systematic training in master swimmer athletes increases serum insulin growth factor1 and decreases myostatin and irisin levels. Growth Factors. 2022;40(1-2):1-12.
Borhani Kakhki Z, Naibifar S, Nakhaei H, Ghasemi E. The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity
interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle
PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology.
2022;15(2):95-103.
Tine Kartinah N, Rosalyn Sianipar I. The effects of exercise regimens on irisin levels in obese rats
model: comparing high-intensity intermittent with continuous moderate-intensity training.
BioMed Research International. 2018;2018.
Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe A, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJ. Sprint
interval and moderate‐intensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity,
insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD (P) Hoxidase protein ratio
in obese men. The Journal of physiology. 2016;594 .۲۱-۲۳۰۷.:)۸(
Rezaeimanesh D. Effects of interval training on irisin and insulin resistance in overweight men.
Archives of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;11.)۶(
Shirvani H, Arabzadeh E. Metabolic cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high -
intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α.
Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2020;25:17-24.
Wang C-Y, Lin T-A, Ho M-Y, Yeh J-K, Tsai M-L, Hung K-C, et al. Regulation of autophagy in
leukocytes through RNA N6-adenosine methylation in chronic kidney disease patients.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2020;527(4):953-9.
Pekkala S, Wiklund PK, Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Horttanainen M, Pöllänen E ,et al. Are skeletal
muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health?
The Journal of physiology. 2013;591(21):5393-400.
Kurano M, Tsukamoto K, Kamitsuji S, Kamatani N, Hara M, Ishikawa T, et al. Genome-wide
association study of serum lipids confirms previously reported associations as well as new
associations of common SNPs within PCSK7 gene with triglyceride. Journal of human genetics.
2016;61(5):427-33.
Kao S-C, Wang C-H, Kamijo K, Khan N, Hillman C. Acute effects of highly intense interval and
moderate continuous exercise on the modulation of neural oscillation during working memory.
International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2021;160:10-7.
Sin NL, Ong AD, Stawski RS, Almeida DM. Daily positive events and diurnal cortisol rhythms:
Examination of between-person differences and within-person variation.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;83:91-100.
Kim PS, Mayhew JL, Peterson DF. A modified YMCA bench press test as a predictor of 1 repetition
maximum bench press strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.
2002;16(3):440-5.
Dehkordi ES, Jafari A. Effect of high-intensity interval swimming training on irisin and metabolic
syndrome in postmenopausal overweight women Effect of HIIT on irisin and metabolic
syndrome. 2022.
Lee I, Lee Y-J, Jang E-C, Kwon S-C, Min Y-S, Yun J, et al. The acclimatization of Haenyeo to a cold
environment and occupational characteristics evaluated by orexin and irisin levels. Annals of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2022;34.
Zhang H, Wu X, Liang J, Kirberger M, Chen N. Irisin, an exercise-induced bioactive peptide
beneficial for health promotion during aging process. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022:101680.
Park T-H, Lee H-J, Lee J-B. Effect of heat stimulation on circulating irisin in humans. Frontiers in
Physiology. 2021;12:675377.
Mu S, Ding D, Ji C, Wu Q, Xia Y, Zhou L, et al. Relationships between circulating irisin response to
ice swimming and body composition in people with regular exercise experience. Frontiers in
Physiology. 2021;11:596896.
2022;9(19-20):105-14.
Mülhim IT, Akcan F. Comparison of simple visual and audiotory reaction times of martial arts
athletes. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science. 2022;7 .)5(
Yunus M, I'tamada EZ. A Survey of Indicators of Fat Content and Body Mass Index on the Physical
Condition of Martial Arts Athletes in Kota Batu Ahead of the East Java Porprov VII. Kinestetik:
Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani. 2022;6(3):496-502.
Reigal RE, Barrero S, Martín I, Morales-Sánchez V, Juárez-Ruiz de Mier R, Hernández-Mendo A.
Relationships between reaction time, selective attention, physical activity, and physical fitness
in children. Frontiers in psychology. 2019;10:2278.
Gaeini AA, Mahmoudi Y-o-l, Moradyan K, Fallahi AA. The relationship between anthropometric,
physiological and body composition characteristics of male elite taekwondo athletes with their
success. Journal of Sport Biosciences. 2010;2(4):5-20.
Huang Z, Chen G, Wang X, Zang Y, Yue Q, Cai Z, et al. The effect of acute aerobic exercise on
arterial stiffness in individuals with different body fat percentages: A cross-sectional study.
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2023 .9:10720191.
Teteris LE, Saulite S, editors. Effect of exercise intensity level on reaction time. 15th Conference of
Baltic Society of Sport Sciences; 2022 .
Thomakos P, Spyrou K, Katsikas C, Geladas ND, Bogdanis GC. Effects of concurrent high-intensity
and strength training on muscle power and aerobic performance in young soccer players during
the pre-season. Sports. 2023;11(3):59.
Boutcher SH. High-intensity intermittent exercise and fat loss. Journal of obesity. 2011;2011 .
DÜNDAR A, ARSLAN C ,ARPACI A, AKTUĞ Z, Murathan F. Effects of swimming performances
of swimmers with different undertakings on the glucose and insulin. International Journal of
Sport Culture and Science. 2014;2(Special Issue 1):391-6.
Vázquez-Vela MEF, Torres N, Tovar AR. White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in
obesity. Archives of medical research. 2008;39(8):715-28.
Gesta S, Tseng Y-H, Kahn CR. Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell.
2007;131(2):242-56.
Handschin C, Spiegelman BM. The role of exercise and PGC1α in inflammation and chronic disease.
Nature. 2008;454(7203):463-9.
Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine
that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature.
2012;481(7382):463-8.
Tutunchi H, Ostadrahimi A, Hosseinzadeh‐Attar MJ, Miryan M, Mobasseri M, Ebrahimi‐Mameghani
M. A systematic review of the association of neuregulin 4, a brown fat–enriched secreted factor,
with obesity and related metabolic disturbances. Obesity Reviews. 2020;21(2):e12952.
Hee Park K, Zaichenko L, Brinkoetter M, Thakkar B, Sahin-Efe A, Joung KE, et al. Circulating irisin
in relation to insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. The journal of clinical
endocrinology & metabolism. 2013;98(12):4899-907.
Bartlett JD, Louhelainen J, Iqbal Z, Cochran AJ, Gibala MJ, Gregson W, et al. Reduced carbohydrate
availability enhances exercise-induced p53 signaling in human skeletal muscle: implications for
mitochondrial biogenesis. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and
Comparative Physiology. 2013;304(6):R450-R8.
Cosio PL, Pelaez M, Cadefau JA, Farran-Codina A. Systematic review and meta-analysis of
circulating irisin levels following endurance training: results of continuous and interval training.
Biological Research For Nursing. 2023;25(3):367-81.
Curiel-Cervantes V, Solis-Sainz J, Camacho-Barrón M, Aguilar-Galarza A, Valencia M, AnayaLoyola M. Systematic training in master swimmer athletes increases serum insulin growth factor1 and decreases myostatin and irisin levels. Growth Factors. 2022;40(1-2):1-12.
Borhani Kakhki Z, Naibifar S, Nakhaei H, Ghasemi E. The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity
interval training vs. continuous training on serum Irisin levels and expression of skeletal muscle
PGC-1α gene in male rats with metabolic syndrome. Journal of Sport and Exercise Physiology.
2022;15(2):95-103.
Tine Kartinah N, Rosalyn Sianipar I. The effects of exercise regimens on irisin levels in obese rats
model: comparing high-intensity intermittent with continuous moderate-intensity training.
BioMed Research International. 2018;2018.
Cocks M, Shaw CS, Shepherd SO, Fisher JP, Ranasinghe A, Barker TA, Wagenmakers AJ. Sprint
interval and moderate‐intensity continuous training have equal benefits on aerobic capacity,
insulin sensitivity, muscle capillarisation and endothelial eNOS/NAD (P) Hoxidase protein ratio
in obese men. The Journal of physiology. 2016;594 .۲۱-۲۳۰۷.:)۸(
Rezaeimanesh D. Effects of interval training on irisin and insulin resistance in overweight men.
Archives of Pharmacy Practice. 2020;11.)۶(
Shirvani H, Arabzadeh E. Metabolic cross-talk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in high -
intensity interval training vs. moderate-intensity continuous training by regulation of PGC-1α.
Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2020;25:17-24.
Wang C-Y, Lin T-A, Ho M-Y, Yeh J-K, Tsai M-L, Hung K-C, et al. Regulation of autophagy in
leukocytes through RNA N6-adenosine methylation in chronic kidney disease patients.
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2020;527(4):953-9.
Pekkala S, Wiklund PK, Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Horttanainen M, Pöllänen E ,et al. Are skeletal
muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health?
The Journal of physiology. 2013;591(21):5393-400.
Kurano M, Tsukamoto K, Kamitsuji S, Kamatani N, Hara M, Ishikawa T, et al. Genome-wide
association study of serum lipids confirms previously reported associations as well as new
associations of common SNPs within PCSK7 gene with triglyceride. Journal of human genetics.
2016;61(5):427-33.
Kao S-C, Wang C-H, Kamijo K, Khan N, Hillman C. Acute effects of highly intense interval and
moderate continuous exercise on the modulation of neural oscillation during working memory.
International Journal of Psychophysiology. 2021;160:10-7.
Sin NL, Ong AD, Stawski RS, Almeida DM. Daily positive events and diurnal cortisol rhythms:
Examination of between-person differences and within-person variation.
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;83:91-100.
Kim PS, Mayhew JL, Peterson DF. A modified YMCA bench press test as a predictor of 1 repetition
maximum bench press strength. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research.
2002;16(3):440-5.
Dehkordi ES, Jafari A. Effect of high-intensity interval swimming training on irisin and metabolic
syndrome in postmenopausal overweight women Effect of HIIT on irisin and metabolic
syndrome. 2022.
Lee I, Lee Y-J, Jang E-C, Kwon S-C, Min Y-S, Yun J, et al. The acclimatization of Haenyeo to a cold
environment and occupational characteristics evaluated by orexin and irisin levels. Annals of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2022;34.
Zhang H, Wu X, Liang J, Kirberger M, Chen N. Irisin, an exercise-induced bioactive peptide
beneficial for health promotion during aging process. Ageing Research Reviews. 2022:101680.
Park T-H, Lee H-J, Lee J-B. Effect of heat stimulation on circulating irisin in humans. Frontiers in
Physiology. 2021;12:675377.
Mu S, Ding D, Ji C, Wu Q, Xia Y, Zhou L, et al. Relationships between circulating irisin response to
ice swimming and body composition in people with regular exercise experience. Frontiers in
Physiology. 2021;11:596896.
)