Journal of Exercise Physiology in Special Populations

The effect of a course of whole-body resistance training and chamomile extract consumption on hemodynamic indices and pulse oxygen levels in women with type 2 diabetes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Sports Sciences, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan

2 Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

3 Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Background : Type 2 diabetes is usually associated with increased blood pressure and hemodynamic disorders, which increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. It seems that chamomile consumption and TRX training can be effective in improving these indicators. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 10 weeks of TRX training along with chamomile extract consumption on hemodynamic indicators and oxygen pulse in women with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this trial, 44 women with type 2 diabetes (mean age 25.51 years, BMI = 24.30 kg/m2) were randomly divided into four groups of 11 people each: TRX training + chamomile, TRX training + placebo, chamomile, and placebo. TRX training was performed for 10 weeks and three sessions per week with an intensity of 13 to 17 Borg. The intervention groups received 1.5 g of chamomile extract or placebo daily in the form of capsules. Hemodynamic indices and pulse oxygen were measured at pre-test and post-test stages, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post-test, and paired t-test.

Findings: After the intervention, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and the cross product significantly decreased in the intervention groups, and pulse oxygen increased (p≤0.05). The greatest improvement was observed in the exercise + chamomile group.

Conclusion: TRX training and chamomile consumption improve hemodynamic indices and increase SPO2 in women with type 2 diabetes. The combination of these two interventions can be a safe and effective approach in reducing cardiovascular risks in these patients.

Keywords

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Journal of Exercise Physiology in Special Populations
Volume 3, Issue 1
April 2026
Pages 1-18